1919–22
The Khilafat movement
The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims of India to influence the British government not to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate.
The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims of India to influence the British government not to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate.
The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a
more favorable diplomatic position and moved toward secularism. By 1924 Turkey
simply abolished the roles of Sultan and Caliph
1928 The Nehru Report
The Nehru Report of 28-30 August, 1928 was a memorandum outlining a proposed new dominion status constitution for India. It was prepared by a committee of the All Parties Conference chaired by Motilal Nehru with his son Jawaharlal Nehru acting as secretary. There were nine other members in this committee. The final report was signed by Motilal Nehru, Ali Imam, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Madha Shrihari Aney, Mangal Singh, Shuaib Qureshi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and G. R. Pradhan. Qureshi disagreed with some of the recommendations.
May 1928 The Jinnah Fourteen points
The Fourteen Points (Wikipedia)
- The form of the
future constitution should be federal, with the residuary powers vested in
the provinces;
- A uniform
measure of autonomy shall be guaranteed to all provinces;
- All
legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted
on the definite principle of adequate and
effective representation of minorities in every province without
reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality;
- In the Central
Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than one third;
- Representation
of communal groups shall continue to be by means of
separate electorate as at present: provided it shall be open to
any community, at any time to abandon its separate electorate in favour of
a joint electorate.
- Any territorial
distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way
affect the Muslim majority.
- Full religious
liberty, i.e. liberty of belief, worship and observance, propaganda, association
and education, shall be guaranteed to all communities.
- No bill or
resolution or any part thereof shall be passed in any legislature or any
other elected body if three fourths of the members of any community in
that particular body oppose it as being injurious to the interests of that
community or in the alternative, such other method is devised as may be
found feasible and practicable to deal with such cases.
- Sindh should
be separated from the Bombay Presidency.
- Reforms should
be introduced in the North West Frontier
Province and Balochistan on the same footing as in the
other provinces.
- Provision
should be made in the constitution giving Muslims an adequate share, along
with the other Indians, in all the services of the state and in local
self-governing bodies having due regard to the requirements of efficiency.
- The
constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of
Muslim culture and for the protection and promotion of Muslim education,
language, religion, personal laws and Muslim charitable institutions and
for their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the state and by local
self-governing bodies.
- No cabinet,
either central or provincial, should be formed without there being a
proportion of at least one-third Muslim ministers.
No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central Legislature
except with the concurrence of the State's contribution of the Indian
Federation.
1930 The Allama Iqbal Allahabad Two nation
theory
It was delivered by Iqbal during the 25th annual session of
the All-India
Muslim League, on the afternoon of Monday, 29
December 1930, at Allahabad, British
India. In this address Iqbal outlined a vision of
an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India, thus
becoming the first politician to articulate what would become known as
the Two-nation theory—that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus
deserve political independence from other regions and communities of India
1930–32 Round Table Conferences
The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–32
were a series of conferences organized by the British Government to
discuss constitutional reforms in India. They were conducted as per the
recommendation of Jinnah to Lord Irwin viceroy
and his friend Ramsay
MacDonald then Prime Minister of Great Britain,[1][2] and by
the report submitted by the Simon
Commission in May 1930
1932 Pakistan National Movement
The Pakistan National Movement was founded in 1932 by
Choudhry Rahmat Ali who is also credited with creating the name "Pakistan",
for a separate Muslim homeland in South Asia. After publishing the
declaration Now or Never, he felt the need of putting up a co-operative effort
to publicize and promote his ideas.
Provincial elections were held in British
India in the winter of 1936-37 as mandated by the Government of India
Act 1935. Elections were held in eleven provinces - Madras, Central
Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces, Bombay
Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sindh.
The final results of the elections were declared in February 1937. The Indian National Congress emerged in power in eight of the provinces - the three exceptions being Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh. The All-India Muslim League failed to form the government in any province
1937 Strong anti congress governments in Punjab and Bengal
1938 A. K. Fazlul Huq of Bengal joined Muslim League
Jinnah-Sikandar Pact
In
1937 the All India
Muslim League was a weak party with very
little political strength. It had lost the 1936 general elections in
India, quite badly. It needed more support from powerful Muslims to make it strong. The party wanted to help Muslims
in India get their rights. So, in October 1937, M.A. Jinnah, the main leader of
the Muslim League party, invited some very powerful Muslims to a conference in
Lucknow city. One of the most powerful Muslim leaders was Sardar Sir Sikandar
Hayat Khan, KBE (1892-1942), Premier of
the Punjab province and head of
the Punjab Unionist Party. He was
also invited by Jinnah to this big conference.
The Jinnah-Sikandar Pact was one of the most important documents and agreements
of the Pakistan Movement. According
to Professor Stanley Wolpert, '...it made Pakistan possible
1940 19
March Khaksar Massacre in Lahore
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